Kharunia Apriliansyah Putri
14213836
4EA18
Dosen: Defi Julianti
Helping and Modal Auxiliary Verbs
Helping
verbs or auxiliary verbs such
as will, shall, may, might, can, could, must, ought to, should, would,
used to, need are used in conjunction with main verbs to
express shades of time and mood. The combination of helping verbs with main
verbs creates what are called verb phrases or verb
strings. In the following sentence, "will have been" are helping
or auxiliary verbs and "studying" is the main verb; the whole verb
string is underlined:
As
of next August, I will have been studying chemistry for ten
years.
Students
should remember that adverbs and contracted forms are not, technically, part of
the verb. In the sentence, "He has already started." the adverb already modifies
the verb, but it is not really part of the verb. The same is true of the 'nt in
"He hasn't started yet" (the adverb not, represented by
the contracted n't, is not part of the verb, has started).
Shall,
will and forms of have, do and be combine
with main verbs to indicate time and voice. As auxiliaries, the verbs be,
have and do can change form to indicate changes in
subject and time.
·
I shall go
now.
·
He had won
the election.
·
They did write
that novel together.
·
I am going
now.
·
He was winning
the election.
·
They have
been writing that novel for a long time
Modals Auxiliaries
Historically, the modals of English,
which are listed in (1), derive from a special class of verbs in Germanic (the
ancestor of English and the other Germanic languages).
1. can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would.
Modals have always differed from
ordinary verbs in Germanic, and in the course of the history of English, they
have diverged from verbs even further, to the point where they now belong to a
syntactic category of their own. Because many modals have meanings that are
often expressed in other languages by verbal inflections, this syntactic
category is called I(nflection).
In what follows, we review the ways
that modals differ from verbs in English, both morphologically (what forms they
exhibit) and syntactically (how they combine in sentences).
1. Auxiliaries, Modals and Main
verbs
be, have and do can
be auxiliaries and main verbs. They have grammatical functions and
are used for forming tenses, questions, the passive, etc.
Modals
are can, could, may, might, must, ought
to, shall, should, will, would and need (need
can also be a main verb).
Examples:
·
We can play
football.
·
We could play
football.
·
We may play
football.
·
We might play
football.
·
We must play
football.
·
We mustn't play
football.
·
We needn't play
football.
·
We ought
to play football.
·
We shall play
football.
·
We should play
football.
·
We will play
football.
·
We would play
football.
Range
of forms
Modals and verbs differ in the range
of forms that they exhibit. English verbs appear in a number of distinct forms
(see Finiteness), whereas modals have a single, invariant form.
Modals never end in -s, even in sentences with third person
singular subjects.
(2)
|
a.
|
*
|
She
{ can-s, may-s } play the piano.
|
b.
|
She
{ can, may } play the piano.
|
Example
|
Potential
paraphrase
|
|||||
(3)
|
a.
|
Nowadays,
you can get one for a dollar.
|
=
|
...
it is possible to get one ...
|
||
b.
|
Back
then, you could get one for a nickel.
|
=
|
...
it was possible to get one ...
|
|||
(4)
|
a.
|
We can go
there tomorrow.
|
=
|
It is possible
for us to go there ...
|
||
b.
|
We could go
there tomorrow.
|
=/=
|
It was possible
for us to go there ...
|
|||
(5)
|
a.
|
You may ask
the boss.
|
=
|
You are allowed
to ask the boss.
|
||
b.
|
You might ask
the boss.
|
=/=
|
You were allowed
to ask the boss.
|
|||
(6)
|
a.
|
Shall I pick up some bread?
|
=
|
Is it a good idea for me to
pick up some bread?
|
||
b.
|
Should I pick up some bread?
|
=/=
|
Was it a good idea for me to
pick up some bread?
|
|||
Finally,
modals lack present and past participles; the missing forms must be
paraphrased.
This section summarizes the
properties of auxiliary do, introduced in the
previous section in connection with do support.
Auxiliary do belongs to the same syntactic category as the
modals---namely, I(nflection), because it shares their properties with one
exception (in contrast to modals, it has an -s form).
The
goal of the previous
section was to establish the special status of modals, and we
used the facts of do support as a criterion for distinguishing
modals from verbs. In this section, we consider some of the same facts, but
with a different focus. Rather than focusing on the distinctive properties of
modals, we focus on the morphological and syntactic properties of
auxiliary do itself.
Like
all English auxiliaries (the others are be and have),
auxiliary do is homonymous with an ordinary verb - in this
case, main verb do. The examples that follow explicitly
contrast main verb do with auxiliary do.
Range of forms
As
just mentioned, the only difference between auxiliary do and
the modals is that it has an -s form. In this respect, it
patterns with ordinary verbs, including its main verb counterpart.
(17)
|
a.
|
Modal
|
I can dance
the polka.
|
|
b.
|
He
{ can, * can-s } dance the polka.
|
|||
(18)
|
a.
|
Auxiliary do
|
I do dance
the polka; I do not dance the polka; do you
dance the polka?
|
|
b.
|
He do-es dance
the polka; he do-es not dance the polka; do-es he
dance the polka?
|
|||
(19)
|
a.
|
Main
verb do
|
I do the
dishes.
|
|
b.
|
He do-es the
dishes.
|
|||
(20)
|
a.
|
Other
verb
|
I dance the
polka.
|
|
b.
|
He dance-s the
polka.
|
|||
Auxiliary have
Let's now turn to auxiliary have, which
combines with past participles (-en forms) to form the perfect forms
of verbs. Auxiliary have behaves like a V with respect to its
morphology and its occurrence in nonfinite contexts, but like an I with respect
to do support. Specifically, auxiliary have, like
auxiliary do, shares all the morphological properties of its
main verb counterpart. In addition, it can appear in nonfinite contexts (unlike
auxiliary do). With respect to do support,
however, auxiliary have differs from its main verb counterpart
and patterns together with the modals and auxiliary do. The
complex behavior of auxiliary have can be captured by saying
that it moves from V to I in the derivation of a sentence (see for
detailed discussion of V-to-I movement).
(29)
and (30) show that auxiliary have, like auxiliary do (cf.
(18)), behaves morphologically like its main verb counterpart in having
an -s form.
(29)
|
a.
|
Auxiliary have
|
I have adopted
two cats.
|
|
b.
|
She ha-s adopted
two cats.
|
|||
(30)
|
a.
|
Main
verb have
|
I have two
cats.
|
|
b.
|
She ha-s two
cats.
|
Auxiliary have differs
from auxiliary do (cf. (22)) and resembles main verb have in
being able to appear in nonfinite contexts.
(31)
|
a.
|
Auxiliary have,
|
to infinitive
|
They
claim to have adopted two cats.
|
|
b.
|
after
modal
|
They
must have adopted two cats.
|
|||
c.
|
gerund
|
I
do not regret having adopted two cats.
|
|||
(32)
|
a.
|
Main
verb have,
|
to infinitive
|
They
claim to have two cats.
|
|
b.
|
after
modal
|
They
must have two cats.
|
|||
c.
|
gerund
|
I
do not regret having two cats.
|
On
the other hand, just like auxiliary do (cf. (26)) and in
contrast to main verb have, auxiliary have is
ruled out in do support contexts.
(33)
|
a.
|
Auxiliary have,
|
after
emphatic do
|
*
|
He does have adopted
two cats.
|
b.
|
negative
|
*
|
He
doesn't have adopted two cats.
|
||
c.
|
question
|
*
|
Does
he have adopted two cats?
|
||
(34)
|
a.
|
Main
verb have,
|
after
emphatic do
|
He does have two
cats.
|
|
b.
|
negative
|
He
doesn't have two cats.
|
|||
c.
|
question
|
Does
he have two cats?
|
|||
The examples in (35)-(40) illustrate
the behavior of auxiliary be, which is used to form the
progressive (is coming, was dancing) and the passive (is abandoned,
was sold) in English. Auxiliary be behaves just like
auxiliary have. In particular, it has an -s form
(irregular though that form is), and it can appear in nonfinite contexts, but
it is excluded from do support contexts. As a result,
auxiliary be can be treated just like auxiliary have:
as belonging to the syntactic category V, but moving from V to I in the course
of a derivation.
Main verb be differs
from main verb have and main verb do in
behaving exactly like auxiliary be. In other words, main
verb be is the only main verb in modern English that moves
from V to I.
(35)
|
a.
|
Auxiliary be,
|
non-third person
|
I am learning
Spanish; I am invited to the ceremony.
|
|
b.
|
third person
|
She i-s learning
Spanish; she i-s invited to the ceremony.
|
|||
(36)
|
a.
|
Main verb be,
|
non-third person
|
I am happy.
|
|
b.
|
third person
|
She i-s happy.
|
|||
(37)
|
a.
|
Auxiliary be,
|
to infinitive
|
They claim to be learning
Spanish; they claim to be invited to the ceremony.
|
|
b.
|
after modal
|
They must be learning
Spanish; they must be invited to the ceremony.
|
|||
c.
|
gerund
|
I don't regret being invited
to the ceremony.
|
|||
(38)
|
a.
|
Main
verb be,
|
to infinitive
|
They
claim to be happy.
|
|
b.
|
after
modal
|
They
must be happy.
|
|||
(39)
|
a.
|
Auxiliary be,
|
after
emphatic do
|
*
|
She does be learning
Spanish; she does be invited to the ceremony.
|
b.
|
negative
|
*
|
She
doesn't be learning Spanish; she doesn't be invited
to the ceremony.
|
||
c.
|
question
|
*
|
Does
she be learning Spanish? Does she be invited
to the ceremony?
|
||
(40)
|
a.
|
Main
verb be,
|
after
emphatic do
|
*
|
She does be happy.
|
b.
|
negative
|
*
|
She
doesn't be happy.
|
||
c.
|
question
|
*
|
Does
she be happy?
|
